Introducing Issue Essay Gre Topics

<h1> Introducing Issue Essay Gre Topics</h1> <p>Test takers are anticipated to manage the coherent blemishes of the contention, not to offer a closely-held conviction about it. Compose a reaction wherein you talk about what questions would need to persuade offered an explanation to have the option to decide if the proposal will most likely have the anticipated result. RC questions need vital perusing and rewording capacities. Each example question involves a clarification, with the goal that you can see how to split it! </p> <h2> Issue Essay Gre Topics Secrets </h2> <p>One of the absolute first things you should consistently do is proceed to view a GRE waiver letter test. Similarly as with other universal normalized tests, there aren't any fixed authority GRE dates and you're ready to choose any date contingent upon your comfort and accessibility. The expense to choose the test is US$205, in spite of the fact that ETS will cut the charge unde r specific conditions. The main thing you should proceed as a top priority is the basic certainty you will be approached to create your underlying visa as evidence of personality at the test place, so ensure you have a substantial identification before you register for the GRE exam.</p> <h2> What You Must Know About Issue Essay Gre Topics</h2> <p>It's extremely critical to consider about the time that it requires to fix each. You'd be made to book a day and time at another inside that probably won't be near where you live. It's likewise critical to ensure that you do the tests around the time you will be giving the GRE, all together for your body and psyche are set up to be alert 8am, 10am, or whatever opening you'll be reserving. All guardians should be approached to chip so as to their children's and little girls' schools.</p> <h2> How to Get Started with Issue Essay Gre Topics? </h2> <p>You must be thinking about the test named GRE in case you're wanting to do concentrates in abroad nations. Regardless of the way that you're not actually certain what you need to learn right now, it's an amazing idea to take the GRE General Test in case you're still in school and in the daily practice of reading and getting ready for tests. In the event that you find out about the example of the test, you realize that understudies are generally alarmed by the extensive rundown of jargon words they should pack and hold. There are a couple of shared traits over every one of the exposition prompts on the GRE Argument pool page, even past the reality which each assignment solicits you to look at some sort from contention and examine it. </p> <h2> The Appeal of Issue Essay Gre Topics </h2> <p>You will get a customized score report featuring your qualities and districts of progress. An astounding GRE score is only one of the necessities a business college prerequisites. The test was made to survey the abilitie s you ought to exceed expectations in graduate school. The test is planned to measure the aptitudes you need to exceed expectations in graduate school and past. </p> <p>Schools contrast in the manner in which they utilize your GRE score. The GRE General Test is planned to check the aptitudes you should exceed expectations in graduate school and past. The GRE Subject Tests are a lot of like the SAT Subject Tests in they test your comprehension of a specific subject like science or writing. </p> <p>Your GRE scores are legitimate for five decades, so you have time to investigate your other options. In this manner, in the occasion you scored 161 on the GRE verbal test, you'd be at the 87th percentile, which is a somewhat incredible figure. GRE is most as often as possible acknowledged by colleges. The paper-based GRE is significantly more uncommon and just presented to multiple times each year. </p> <p>Admission to graduate schools is subject to a confused blend of various components. Distinctive affirmation officials of interesting projects tend to assess understudies on different scales, making it extreme to comprehend for understudies about what's an extraordinary GRE score. While it is typical for the understudies to measure decisively how well they stack up when the application season comes! Understudies should base their determination of a zone of study on the entrance to work in that area.</p> <p>For most of the schools, GRE is just a param eter for disposal. All things considered, the GRE Issue isn't a trial of information as much since it's a trial of how you're ready to utilize information anyway limited to back your position. The GRE Test is only one factor that universities use in their affirmations forms, yet by the by, it might be a noteworthy factor so you have to get ready and endeavor to prevail on the test. It likewise gives you the ScoreSelect choice which implies that you have the opportunity to choose which score you wish to send to your preferred schools. </p> <h2>Top Choices of Issue Essay Gre Topics </h2> <p>Some questions consolidate a correlation of two amounts and distinguish which of the 2 amounts is more prominent. At times a distinguished research segment at the finish of the test is given as opposed to the test area. You will utilize fundamental math capacities and ideas together with logarithmic, geometric, and information translation capacities. For example, you would n eed to get a more prominent Quantitative Reasoning score for a software engineering program than that which you'd requirement for a plan program. </p>

What is community work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

What is network work - Essay Example In people group work a lot of qualities are utilized alongside related procedures, abilities and approaches. The qualities are to do with equity, vote based system, regard, love, engaging, and â€Å"getting a superior deal† for individuals who are somehow or another hindered. The strategies incorporate setting up associations with such individuals, seeing how they see the world, discovering approaches to help them to support themselves, and making a move to support them (Twelvetrees, 2001: 9). The term â€Å"community development† which is regularly interchangeable with â€Å"community work† was received by numerous U.K. laborers for ventures that concentrated on nearby neighborhood gatherings to set and address their own issues, as indicated by Smith (2006: infed site). Network laborers might be politically persuaded from a communist or women's activist investigation of society, as in Britain during the 1970s and 1980s. Then again they may have less difficult qualities, for example, worry about creation the current framework work better for poor people, or expectation to benefit some on the planet, states Twelvetrees (2001: 9). State-supported network work stays as a blend of care, monetary turn of events and administration conveyance improvement work, that created during the 1980s and 1990s. Worry to develop network interest and nearby gathering life in England and Wales were converted without hesitation by chapels and strict gatherings (Smith, 2006: infed). Whatever their qualities, objectives and existing abilities, network laborers must be set up to learn new methodologies, and use them in various conditions to make network work increasingly vital, long haul and fundamental to the associations that convey it (Twelvetrees, 2001: 10-11). In the act of network work, certain models are put to use, for accomplishing practical results. Models are: network activity, network care, network advancement, network arranging,

The Debate Over Essay about Myself

<h1> The Debate Over Essay about Myself</h1> <h2> New Ideas Into Essay about Myself Never Before Revealed</h2> <p>It is conceivable to choose any myself exposition given underneath as per your need and necessity. Acing the specialty of picking composing administration There's a scope of paper generators promptly accessible on the web. On the other side, it should not be wide to the point that a few assets would exceed the data you could crush into one paper. Other article administrations may be increasingly productive concerning their tasks however they're not exactly as powerful as us. </p> <p>The costs of our absolute best exposition composing administration aren't the most elevated and not the least on the commercial center. Before going to graduate school, analyze first your actual clarifications for why you might want to do as such. Pose inquiries during class to see if or not there are any beyond reach sources. Our estimating strategy is very steadfast for our customers and gives the first and prevalent help. </p> <h2> Essay about Myself Options </h2> <p>The most straightforward way to deal with impact the kind of an exposition is to understand the author's perspective. The significant inquiry of all understudies who must create an intelligent or private article is whether it's conceivable to deliver such kind of scholastic paper without sounding excessively self absorbed. You ought to have your reasons, and our essential concern is that you end up getting an extraordinary evaluation. Rehash your paper and verify whether it is sensible . </p> <p>Expository exposition uses formal language to go over a person or thing. Composing an extraordinary article requests certain abilities that can make your contemplations read and voice heard in a perfect manner. The inquiry how to compose exposition has an exceptionally straightforward answer you ought to remember the entirety of the data, position an arrangement and start composing. The inquiry how to make a paper has a simple answer you need to recall the entirety of the data, group an arrangement and start composing. </p> <p>Becoming in a situation to create an article is a basic piece of any instructive framework, yet basically posting thoughts in a straight manner may not generally be adequate. Remember, your private exposition may be reality, yet it doesn't demonstrate you shouldn't think about it from an exploratory writing outlook. There are a few different ways to form a paper. Consequently, it has been characterized in an assortment of ways. </p> <p>Inspiration to make your own promoting or media pugnacious paper themes isn't hard to find. Interpret any words that you don't see how to keep in touch with them into your paper. At the point when you're composing, endeavor to forestall utilizing exactly the same words and expressions again and again. In case you're given the subject, you should consider the kind of paper that you have to deliver. </p> <p>To compose this sort of paper, the creator ought to have genuine and broad comprehension of the issue. You may likewise think about a closure that reflects the beginning of your exposition. The significant thought of the entirety of the analysis is to flexibly a sentiment both of positive or negative ramifications. At the point when you feel acquainted with the theme, you should have the option to have a straightforward discussion on the subject. </p> <h2>The Dirty Truth on Essay about Myself </h2> <p>Essay Rewriter uses the capacity of rewording to shield understudies from the run of the mill issue of being blamed for copyright infringement. It is essential to comprehend of how basic it might be to utilize absolutely free articles you'll have the option to go over on the web. Expositions can be both formal and casual. At last, when the exposition is kept in touch with you have to check it totally for any of the previously mentioned mistakes. </p&g t; <p>Aldous Huxley, a significant writer, gives direction on the issue. You've quite recently composed a recognized exposition. Numerous understudies regularly find that individual articles are the hardest to compose since there's no proof to back up your cases on the grounds that there are in explanatory expositions. It's unscrupulous to reject proof which may not bolster the theory. </p>

Punishment Essay Topics and Samples

<h1>Punishment Essay Topics and Samples</h1><p>Punishment paper themes and tests are promptly accessible on the web. Numerous schools and colleges require it in their school placement tests. In addition to the fact that this is somewhat exposition helpful for both secondary school and understudies, it is likewise a great type of writing.</p><p></p><p>For the individuals who have never composed an article, they make certain to discover it very hard to pick between discipline paper points and tests. It's anything but difficult to lose all sense of direction in all the data and thoughts that this sort of paper can offer. There are various classes that are made to assist understudies with composing an article that is fitting for them. There are various themes to browse. A portion of these points incorporate discipline, article composing, and even writing, to name a few.</p><p></p><p>Those who are happy to adopt a progressi vely troublesome strategy can look over a rundown of themes, for example, the single sentence exposition, or the different decision questions and answers paper. These are for the most part approaches to make a decent substance that understudies will have the option to appreciate all through the creative cycle. It ought to abandon saying that the most ideal approach to picking a subject for your article is to have the option to recognize one that will speak to you.</p><p></p><p>When choosing points and tests, it is imperative to consistently pick those that will be helpful for composing a solid, yet in addition short sentences. It ought to likewise be noticed that there are additionally a few books that have a few articles and different types of expositions. These might be more qualified to understudies who need to rehearse on their own.</p><p></p><p>This is all that is required to compose an exposition that fits into the classification of a discipline paper subjects and tests. On the off chance that you pick a theme and test that are composed by another person, it will be difficult to recognize the point that you need to make. For instance, in the event that you picked a subject that was composed by an educator and this implies you are planning something for the work, at that point it is extremely difficult to distinguish the point that you are attempting to make.</p><p></p><p>Using an assortment of themes and tests will make it simpler for you to recognize the focuses that you need to make. In the event that you are composing something that can be summed up, at that point it can make things simpler. It will be exceptionally simple to compose an exposition and complete the material with less words. This will likewise shield the articles from being excessively long and boring.</p><p></p><p>Finally, composing a paper that fits the subject of discipline exposition them es and tests is straightforward. The most ideal approach to do this is to peruse a few distinct articles that contain the sentence that you need to utilize and work it out. Simply make certain to remain inside the length and sorts of words that you have to fill in the exposition with.</p>

Why Everyone Is Completely Wrong About Boom Essay Writing Contest

<h1>Why Everyone Is Completely Wrong About Boom Essay Writing Contest </h1> <p>Essays are the huge sort of evaluation in advanced education nowadays, a reality which causes poor journalists a ton of nervousness. They are the core of partnership applications. They assume a significant job in getting an advanced education. Composing an Essay needs a great deal of responsibility and difficult work. </p> <p>MBA article composing can be exhausting, especially on the off chance that you might want to accomplish something other than what's expected. There are a few distinct techniques for composing powerful and effective expositions. A couple of the expositions you're required to write in the Business School are. </p> <p>Writing a paper can be testing, especially when you have a few assignments due at the specific second. Our expert exposition scholars will deal with your requests to gracefully redid papers in time. A composed exposition shows what you know as well as how well it is conceivable to convey it. They permit us to decide whether you are a. Attempt our article composing support and get the best exposition papers in the blink of an eye. </p> <h2> The Nuiances of Boom Essay Writing Contest</h2> <p>Fellowship applications require an individual explanation. The utilization of the article some portion of the Loyola application is to give you the opportunity to procure an individual explanation and to show your innovativeness and. A great part of the activity you will be mentioned to do at University is composed. The University advances scholarly greatness through a specific confirmation approach. </p> <h2> Ruthless Boom Essay Writing Contest Strategi es Exploited </h2> <p>In any occasion, there's a decent open door you should make a paper. Ordinarily, the panel peruses the primary lines of the exposition that is sufficient for them to comprehend your capacities. The challenge, you should simply choose a subject from our rundown beneath, and review the absolute best paper you're ready to. </p> <p>Besides guaranteeing you watch the guidelines, here are a few assets which will assist you with idealizing your entries. All entries must be made before the cutoff time has passed. The 2018 cutoff time hasn't been declared. Composing challenges are a phenomenal method to communicate your inventiveness while winning incredible prizes. </p> <h2> The 5-Minute Rule for Boom Essay Writing Contest</h2> <p>Presently, there are specific sites that gives no-exposition grants that gives rundown of universities to look at and its positioning. Numerous colleges and schools have delivered obligatory for candidates to make an engaging exposition to establish a connection with for what reason to offer confirmation for the specific understudy. Understudies normally need to realize what bit of the school application conveys the. Also, it causes understudies to fulfill the subsidizing prerequisite. </p> <p>The ideal approach to support your composing is to peruse nice composition. Using a composing administration is the ideal strategy to have an elegantly composed exposition to use as a rule to ensure the articles you compose are hitting all the essential focuses and are at the fitting profundity required for your scholarly evaluation. Our paper composing site has an amazingly direct structure and because of the simple route you. Article composing assignments may be a hard and tedious experience. </p> <p>The application proposed to assist you with composing your absolute best article. Our custom composing administration is completely moral and supplies occupied understudies with superb assets for their assignments. In the event that you have exactly the same inquiry, look for the administrations of the perfect paper composing administration today here at! These days you have a magnificent vibe for scholastic articles, you need to see how the essaywriting procedure functions. </p> <p>You may have heard comparable exhortation ordinarily previously, yet in any case, it truly holds valid for endeavoring to produce a noteworthy piece of composing. Figure out how unmistakably increasingly leisure time you'll have the option to get with our composing help. Along these lines, regardless of whether all you get from the brief is a chance to flex your cerebrum, it is anything but a horrendous arrangement. Appreciate simple language structure tips every single day and compos e better. </p> <h2> Getting the Best Boom Essay Writing Contest</h2> <p>You may consistently be ensured your custom scholastic paper won't just be conveyed on schedule however will likewise be. Today, everybody can depend on proficient custom composing administration help in different situations. All work must be created in English language, and you're relied upon to make reference to the entirety of your contact data on a particular page. It's justifiable that one may search out help now and again, and that is unequivocally what the objective of custom composing administrations is. </p>

How Many Pages For a College Essay? - How to Write How Many Pages For a College Essay

<h1>How Many Pages For a College Essay? - How to Write How Many Pages For a College Essay</h1><p>A school article can be long and complex. This is the place composing what number of pages for a school paper comes in. There are explicit rules and devices to assist you with the composing process.</p><p></p><p>The initial step is to really consider how much time you should compose the genuine work. The length of the school exposition relies upon the evaluation you need to accomplish, so you should take a gander at the evaluations that others have gotten and how much time they needed to compose it. On the off chance that you realize to what extent your paper will be, at that point you can begin to compose the first draft.</p><p></p><p>Once you know how much time you should compose the school article, at that point you can choose how much work you should do. For instance, on the off chance that you realize that you will hav e at any rate 20 minutes to compose your whole article, at that point it bodes well to not begin composing until you arrive at this time. You ought to likewise consider what number of drafts you should accomplish before the work is finished. On the off chance that you realize that your paper will take longer than five hours to finish, at that point you might need to consider utilizing a PC program or an outer hard drive to monitor your work.</p><p></p><p>Writing what number of pages for a school exposition isn't simply composing a lot of content. It is a test that expects you to utilize the aptitudes you have learned all through your composing profession. In the event that you know what number of pages you have to complete the whole undertaking, at that point you will have more certainty that you can compose it.</p><p></p><p>When you know what number of pages you have to compose, the subsequent stage is to pick an organization that wil l permit you to concentrate on each thought in turn. There are a few strategies to look over when you start to compose what number of pages for a school article, yet remember that the style you pick relies upon the point you are composing about.</p><p></p><p>This implies that in the event that you are attempting to cover a subject, for example, religion, at that point you will need to compose a great deal of writing. At that point you can separate the expositions into passages to make it simpler to compose. Composing what number of pages for a school article can be troublesome on the off chance that you are new to the point, yet it doesn't need to be. In the event that you follow the means above you will have the option to compose an article without looking into it.</p><p></p><p>In request to pick the correct organization you can utilize, you can utilize spell checkers, word preparing programming, and even your hand held PC. There are a wide range of projects accessible that you can use to help with the procedure. The key is to pick the arrangement that will work best for you.</p><p></p><p>One significant factor when you are picking a configuration is that you don't feel like you are losing anything by doing this. The quantity of pages won't make any difference in the event that you don't comprehend what you are composing. By separating your article into areas, you will have the option to comprehend the piece and in the event that you feel that the material you are perusing isn't working, at that point you can transform it easily.</p>

Research Paper Writing - How to Write a Successful Research Paper

<h1>Research Paper Writing - How to Write a Successful Research Paper</h1><p>The key to progress with regards to your paper composing is really beginning, holding off on holding up until you have composed the entire thing. Truth be told, once in a while that you should simply alter a portion of the more vulnerable pieces of the paper, and afterward compose something better. In any case, you can't bear to sit tight until the opportunity arrives for your examination paper to be reviewed or even submit it to a publication.</p><p></p><p>Before you even start composing your exploration paper, you should ensure that you are going about things in the correct manner. For example, you should recognize what you are expounding on, and why you are composing it. You ought to likewise know how you are going to introduce your exploration findings.</p><p></p><p>Even before you really start composing your examination paper, you should as of now have a thought of how you are going to introduce your discoveries. It is frequently best to set up an examination paper plot, with the goal that you can begin composing your whole research paper. On the off chance that you don't have one as of now, discover what plot format works best for you, and how you can consolidate it into your exploration paper.</p><p></p><p>When you do start composing your examination paper, attempt to make it as intriguing as could be expected under the circumstances. You can keep in touch with some starting data, which will at that point be trailed by the examination subtleties. Toward the finish of the main segment, you ought to sum up the significant purposes of the paper. For example, you should make reference to the foundation of the point, the points of the exploration, and the examination procedure used.</p><p></p><p>You might need to include a few words about what your identity is and how you feel about the theme. You can even make reference to the points of interest about the examination you have done, just as the kind of research that you are doing. A rundown of the strategies utilized in the exploration can likewise be included toward the finish of the examination paper.</p><p></p><p>Don't neglect to make a title for your exploration paper. You should begin composing your title seven days before you really present your examination paper. Along these lines, you will as of now have a thought of what you are attempting to accomplish, and how you can get there.</p><p></p><p>Once you have composed your examination paper, you ought to have it edited and altered for blunders. You would then be able to submit it to a distribution that acknowledges short research papers, for example, the MLA Journal, to check whether you were acknowledged for the particular diary that you submitted it to.</p>

Stock Exchange Free Essays

What is Stock Exchange? A stock exchange is the market place for the purchase and sale of second hand securities. It provides â€Å"trading† facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade shares of the listed companies and other financial instruments such as Term Finance Certificates and Derivatives. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue (listing), redemption (delisting) of securities and other capital events including the payment of income and dividends. We will write a custom essay sample on Stock Exchange or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a key institution for smooth functioning and steady growth of the corporate sector and can be seen as a key to the economic life of a nation. Stock exchange is the home of the capital and pivot of the money market, providing proper mobility for capital. The securities of joint-stock companies, government securities and securities issued by semi-government organization are dealt with on a stock exchange. History of Stock Exchange The history of stock exchanges can be traced to 12th century France, when the first brokers (the role of an individual or a firm when it acts as an agent for a customer and charges the customer a commission for its services) are believed to have developed, trading in debt and government securities. Unofficial share markets existed across Europe through the 1600s, where brokers would meet outside or in coffee houses to make trades. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, created in 1602, became the first official stock exchange when it began trading shares of the Dutch East India Company. These were the first company shares ever issued. By the early 1700s there were fully operational stock exchanges in France and England, and America followed in the later part of the century. Share exchanges became an important way for companies to raise capital for investment, while also offering investors the opportunity to share in company profits. The early days of the stock exchange experienced many scandals and share crashes, as there was little to no regulation and almost anyone was allowed to participate in the exchange. Today, stock exchanges operate around the world, and they have become highly regulated institutions. Investors wanting to buy and sell shares must do so through a share broker, who pays to own a seat on the exchange. Companies with shares traded on an exchange are said to be ‘listed’ and they must meet specific criteria, which varies across exchanges. Most stock exchanges began as floor exchanges, where traders made deals face-to-face. The largest stock exchange in the world, the New York Stock Exchange, continues to operate this way, but most of the world’s exchanges have now become fully electronic. Functions of Stock Market ? Ready Market Stock exchange is a continuous market for the resale of existing securities. It is a centre where buyers and sellers assemble to deal in securities at any time during the business hours. It enables investors to realize quickly their shares and debentures. This facility encourages people to invest in business enterprise by means of buying industrial securities. It helps new investors to obtain securities at any time at market price. ? Protection to investors Protection of the interest of the investors is another function of stock exchange. This it does by ensuring safety and fair dealing to the average investors through strict enforcement of its rules and regulations. Without the cover of a stock exchange there may be unfair competition between different brokers. The investors may be deceived by clever and dishonest brokers. In a stock exchange any malpractice by a broker carries a severe penalty. ? Profitable use of funds Another major function of the stock exchange is the mobilization of surplus funds of individuals firms and companies for investment in industrial securities. Without the stock exchange, these funds would have remained idle. It directs the surplus funds into the most profitable channel and thereby secures their effective utilization. People invest their savings in companies yielding good returns. Stock exchange in Pakistan In Pakistan there are three stock exchanges, ? Karachi stock exchange (KSE) Lahore stock exchange (LSE) ? Islamabad stock exchange (ISE) Karachi Stock Exchange The KSE is the first stock exchange of Pakistan established in September 18, 1947 and incorporated in March 10, 1949. KSE start with 5 companies with a paid-up capital of RS 37 million. The first index was the KSE 100 index. KSE Indices Family ? KSE 100 The KSE100 index is a benchmark by which the stock price p erformance can be compared to over a period of time. In particular, the KSE 100 is designed to provide investors with a sense of how the Pakistan equity market is performing. Thus, the KSE100 is similar to other indicators that track various sectors of the Pakistan economic activity such as the gross national product, consumer price index, etc. The KSE-100 Index was introduced in November 1991 with base value of 1,000 points. The Index comprises of 100 companies selected on the basis of sector representation and highest market capitalization, which tracks over 85% of the total market capitalization of the companies listed on the Exchange. ? KSE-30 Index The Karachi Stock Exchange has launched the KSE-30 Index with base value of 10,000 points, formally implemented from Friday, September 1, 2006. The main feature of this index that makes it different from other indices is: ? Based on the â€Å"Free Float Methodology† ? It includes only the top 30 most liquid companies listed on the KSE. ? KMI-30 ? Index introduced in September, 2008 ? Tracks the 30 most liquid Shariah-compliant companies listed at KSE weighted by free float adjusted market capitalization. ? Shariah Screening performed by Shariah Supervisory Board of Meezan Bank (chaired by Justice (Retd. ) Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani). ? KSE All Share Index ? It consists of all the companies listed on the KSE. ? KSE-GTOi Oil Gas Sector plays vital roles in Pakistan’s economy and therefore KSE has developed a Tradable Oil Gas Index which tracks at least 80% free-float market capitalization of the Oil Gas Sector. This index provides Investors and Market Intermediaries with an appropriate benchmark that captures the performance of each segment of the economy. KSE-100 Composition Basis The selection criteria for stock inclusion in the existing KSE-100 Index is based on three main filters, namely Sector rule, Capitalization rule and Default rule. The top sector companies may also qualify for inclusion on the basis of their market capitalization. Sector Rule Largest market capitalization in each Karachi Stock Exchange sectors excluding Open-end Mutual Fund Sector ? The Largest Capitalization Rule The remaining index places are taken up by the largest market capitalization companies in descending order. ? The Default Counter and Non Tradable Rule Company which is on the Defaulters’ Counter and/or its trading is suspended; declare Non-Tradable (i. e. NT) in preceding 6 months from the date of re-composition shall not be considered in the re-composition of KSE-100 Index . How many stocks are registered and categories? The total number of companies listed in KSE is 572 with a listed capital of RS. 1103072. 80 million ? In KSE companies are listed under following categories according to the nature of their industry. |Sector Wise Categories of Companies | |Oil and Gas |Pharma and Bio Tech | |Chemicals |Media |Forestry |Travel leisure | |Industrial metals and mining |Fixed line Telecommunication | |General industries |Electricity | |Electronic and electrical Goods |Multiutilities | |Engineering |Commercial Banks | |Industrial Transportation |Non Life Insurance | |Support services |Life insurance | |Automobile and Parts |Real estate investment and services | |Beverages |financial services | |Food Producers |Equity Investment Instruments | |Household Goods |Software an d computer services | |Leisure Goods. |Technology Hardware and Equipment | |Personal Goods | | |Personal Goods | | |Tobacco | | Advance /Decline: If there is increasing trend in the prices of share then we said that the market gains the index or points and vice versa. Points: Points shows the Overall worth of the market. There are many factors that influence the market points and due to these factors market’s point increases or increases. These factors consist of formulae of capital structure and other related things. In Pakistan value of 1 point is approximately equal to 5 crores and it changes due to inflation and other economic factors. When an individual invest an amount equal to 5 Crores then 1 point increases and when he/she pull back his investment then 1 point decreases 1 point = 5 Crores How to cite Stock Exchange, Papers Stock Exchange Free Essays string(108) " section of a market are captured in price indices called stock market indices, of which there are many, e\." A stock market or equity market is a public (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete) entity for the trading of company stock (shares) and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately. The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36. 6 trillion at the start of October 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Stock Exchange or any similar topic only for you Order Now The total world derivatives market has been estimated at about $791 trillion face or nominal value,[2] 11 times the size of the entire world economy. The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities of a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. The largest stock market in the United States, by market capitalization, is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). In Canada, the largest stock market is the Toronto Stock Exchange. Major European examples of stock exchanges include the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Paris Bourse, and the Deutsche Borse (Frankfurt Stock Exchange). In Africa, examples include Nigerian Stock Exchange, JSE Limited, etc. Asian examples include the Singapore Exchange, the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and the Bombay Stock Exchange. In Latin America, there are such exchanges as the BMF Bovespa and the BMV. A few decades ago, worldwide, buyers and sellers were individual investors, such as wealthy businessmen, usually with long family histories to particular corporations. Over time, markets have become more â€Å"institutionalized†; buyers and sellers are largely institutions (e. g. , pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, hedge funds, investor groups, banks and various other financial institutions). The rise of the institutional investor has brought with it some improvements in market operations. Thus, the government was responsible for â€Å"fixed† (and exorbitant) fees being markedly reduced for the ‘small’ investor, but only after the large institutions had managed to break the brokers’ solid front on fees. (They then went to ‘negotiated’ fees, but only for large institutions. History : Established in 1875, the Bombay Stock Exchange is Asia’s first stock exchange. In 12th century France the courratiers de change were concerned with managing and regulating the debts of agricultural communities on behalf of the banks. Because these men also traded with debts, they could be called the first brokers. A common misbelief is that in late 13th century Bruges commodity traders gathered inside the house of a man called Van der Beurze, and in 1309 they became the â€Å"Brugse Beurse†, institutionalizing what had been, until then, an informal meeting, but actually, the family Van der Beurze had a building in Antwerp where those gatherings occurred; the Van der Beurze had Antwerp, as most of the merchants of that period, as their primary place for trading. The idea quickly spread around Flanders and neighboring counties and â€Å"Beurzen† soon opened in Ghent and Amsterdam. In the middle of the 13th century, Venetian bankers began to trade in government securities. In 1351 the Venetian government outlawed spreading rumors intended to lower the price of government funds. Bankers in Pisa, Verona, Genoa and Florence also began trading in government securities during the 14th century. This was only possible because these were independent city states not ruled by a duke but a council of influential citizens. Italian companies were also the first to issue shares. Companies in England and the Low Countries followed in the 16th century. The Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602) was the first joint-stock company to get a fixed capital stock and as a result, continuous trade in company stock emerged on the Amsterdam Exchange. Soon thereafter, a lively trade in various derivatives, among which options and repos, emerged on the Amsterdam market. Dutch traders also pioneered short selling – a practice which was banned by the Dutch authorities as early as 1610. 7] There are now stock markets in virtually every developed and most developing economies, with the world’s biggest market being in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, India, China, Canada, Germany’s (Frankfurt Stock Exchange), France, South Korea and the Netherlands. Importance of stock market : The stock market is one of the most important sources for companies to raise money. This allows businesses to be publicly traded, or raise additional financial capital for expansion by selling shares of ownership of the company in a public market. The liquidity that an exchange provides affords investors the ability to quickly and easily sell securities. This is an attractive feature of investing in stocks, compared to other less liquid investments such as real estate. History has shown that the price of shares and other assets is an important part of the dynamics of economic activity, and can influence or be an indicator of social mood. An economy where the stock market is on the rise is considered to be an up-and-coming economy. In fact, the stock market is often considered the primary indicator of a country’s economic strength and development. Rising share prices, for instance, tend to be associated with increased business investment and vice versa. Share prices also affect the wealth of households and their consumption. Therefore, central banks tend to keep an eye on the control and behavior of the stock market and, in general, on the smooth operation of financial system functions. Financial stability is the raison d’etre of central banks. Exchanges also act as the clearinghouse for each transaction, meaning that they collect and deliver the shares, and guarantee payment to the seller of a security. This eliminates the risk to an individual buyer or seller that the counterparty could default on the transaction. The smooth functioning of all these activities facilitates economic growth in that lower costs and enterprise risks promote the production of goods and services as well as employment. In this way the financial system contributes to increased prosperity. Stock market index : The movements of the prices in a market or section of a market are captured in price indices called stock market indices, of which there are many, e. You read "Stock Exchange" in category "Papers" g. , the SP, the FTSE and the Euronext indices. Such indices are usually market capitalization weighted, with the weights reflecting the contribution of the stock to the index. The constituents of the index are reviewed frequently to include/exclude stocks in order to reflect the changing business environment. Derivative instruments : Financial innovation has brought many new financial instruments whose pay-offs or values depend on the prices of stocks. Some examples are exchange-traded funds (ETFs), stock index and stock options, equity swaps, single-stock futures, and stock index futures. These last two may be traded on futures exchanges (which are distinct from stock exchanges—their history traces back to commodities futures exchanges), or traded over-the-counter. As all of these products are only derived from stocks, they are sometimes considered to be traded in a (hypothetical) derivatives market, rather than the (hypothetical) stock market. Leveraged strategies : Stock that a trader does not actually own may be traded using short selling; margin buying may be used to purchase stock with borrowed funds; or, derivatives may be used to control large blocks of stocks for a much smaller amount of money than would be required by outright purchase or sales. Short selling : In short selling, the trader borrows stock (usually from his brokerage which holds its clients’ shares or its own shares on account to lend to short sellers) then sells it on the market, hoping for the price to fall. The trader eventually buys back the stock, making money if the price fell in the meantime and losing money if it rose. Exiting a short position by buying back the stock is called â€Å"covering a short position. † This strategy may also be used by unscrupulous traders in illiquid or thinly traded markets to artificially lower the price of a stock. Hence most markets either prevent short selling or place restrictions on when and how a short sale can occur. The practice of naked shorting is illegal in most (but not all) stock markets. Margin buying : In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks’ value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor’s account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account’s equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks’ value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor’s account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account’s equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks’ value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor’s account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account’s equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the New issuance : Global issuance of equity and equity-related instruments totaled $505 billion in 2004, a 29. 8 %% increase over the $389 billion raised in 2003. Initial public offerings (IPOs) by US issuers increased 221 %% with 233 offerings that raised $45 billion, and IPOs in Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) increased by 333 %%, from $ 9 billion to $39 billion. Taxation : According to much national or state legislation, a large array of fiscal obligations are taxed for capital gains. Taxes are charged by the state over the transactions, dividends and capital gains on the stock market, in particular in the stock exchanges. However, these fiscal obligations may vary from jurisdictions to jurisdictions because, among other reasons, it could be assumed that taxation is already incorporated into the stock price through the different taxes companies pay to the state, or that tax free stock market operations are useful to boost economic growth. How to cite Stock Exchange, Papers

Stock Exchange Free Essays

What is Stock Exchange? A stock exchange is the market place for the purchase and sale of second hand securities. It provides â€Å"trading† facilities for stock brokers and traders, to trade shares of the listed companies and other financial instruments such as Term Finance Certificates and Derivatives. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for the issue (listing), redemption (delisting) of securities and other capital events including the payment of income and dividends. We will write a custom essay sample on Stock Exchange or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a key institution for smooth functioning and steady growth of the corporate sector and can be seen as a key to the economic life of a nation. Stock exchange is the home of the capital and pivot of the money market, providing proper mobility for capital. The securities of joint-stock companies, government securities and securities issued by semi-government organization are dealt with on a stock exchange. History of Stock Exchange The history of stock exchanges can be traced to 12th century France, when the first brokers (the role of an individual or a firm when it acts as an agent for a customer and charges the customer a commission for its services) are believed to have developed, trading in debt and government securities. Unofficial share markets existed across Europe through the 1600s, where brokers would meet outside or in coffee houses to make trades. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, created in 1602, became the first official stock exchange when it began trading shares of the Dutch East India Company. These were the first company shares ever issued. By the early 1700s there were fully operational stock exchanges in France and England, and America followed in the later part of the century. Share exchanges became an important way for companies to raise capital for investment, while also offering investors the opportunity to share in company profits. The early days of the stock exchange experienced many scandals and share crashes, as there was little to no regulation and almost anyone was allowed to participate in the exchange. Today, stock exchanges operate around the world, and they have become highly regulated institutions. Investors wanting to buy and sell shares must do so through a share broker, who pays to own a seat on the exchange. Companies with shares traded on an exchange are said to be ‘listed’ and they must meet specific criteria, which varies across exchanges. Most stock exchanges began as floor exchanges, where traders made deals face-to-face. The largest stock exchange in the world, the New York Stock Exchange, continues to operate this way, but most of the world’s exchanges have now become fully electronic. Functions of Stock Market ? Ready Market Stock exchange is a continuous market for the resale of existing securities. It is a centre where buyers and sellers assemble to deal in securities at any time during the business hours. It enables investors to realize quickly their shares and debentures. This facility encourages people to invest in business enterprise by means of buying industrial securities. It helps new investors to obtain securities at any time at market price. ? Protection to investors Protection of the interest of the investors is another function of stock exchange. This it does by ensuring safety and fair dealing to the average investors through strict enforcement of its rules and regulations. Without the cover of a stock exchange there may be unfair competition between different brokers. The investors may be deceived by clever and dishonest brokers. In a stock exchange any malpractice by a broker carries a severe penalty. ? Profitable use of funds Another major function of the stock exchange is the mobilization of surplus funds of individuals firms and companies for investment in industrial securities. Without the stock exchange, these funds would have remained idle. It directs the surplus funds into the most profitable channel and thereby secures their effective utilization. People invest their savings in companies yielding good returns. Stock exchange in Pakistan In Pakistan there are three stock exchanges, ? Karachi stock exchange (KSE) Lahore stock exchange (LSE) ? Islamabad stock exchange (ISE) Karachi Stock Exchange The KSE is the first stock exchange of Pakistan established in September 18, 1947 and incorporated in March 10, 1949. KSE start with 5 companies with a paid-up capital of RS 37 million. The first index was the KSE 100 index. KSE Indices Family ? KSE 100 The KSE100 index is a benchmark by which the stock price p erformance can be compared to over a period of time. In particular, the KSE 100 is designed to provide investors with a sense of how the Pakistan equity market is performing. Thus, the KSE100 is similar to other indicators that track various sectors of the Pakistan economic activity such as the gross national product, consumer price index, etc. The KSE-100 Index was introduced in November 1991 with base value of 1,000 points. The Index comprises of 100 companies selected on the basis of sector representation and highest market capitalization, which tracks over 85% of the total market capitalization of the companies listed on the Exchange. ? KSE-30 Index The Karachi Stock Exchange has launched the KSE-30 Index with base value of 10,000 points, formally implemented from Friday, September 1, 2006. The main feature of this index that makes it different from other indices is: ? Based on the â€Å"Free Float Methodology† ? It includes only the top 30 most liquid companies listed on the KSE. ? KMI-30 ? Index introduced in September, 2008 ? Tracks the 30 most liquid Shariah-compliant companies listed at KSE weighted by free float adjusted market capitalization. ? Shariah Screening performed by Shariah Supervisory Board of Meezan Bank (chaired by Justice (Retd. ) Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani). ? KSE All Share Index ? It consists of all the companies listed on the KSE. ? KSE-GTOi Oil Gas Sector plays vital roles in Pakistan’s economy and therefore KSE has developed a Tradable Oil Gas Index which tracks at least 80% free-float market capitalization of the Oil Gas Sector. This index provides Investors and Market Intermediaries with an appropriate benchmark that captures the performance of each segment of the economy. KSE-100 Composition Basis The selection criteria for stock inclusion in the existing KSE-100 Index is based on three main filters, namely Sector rule, Capitalization rule and Default rule. The top sector companies may also qualify for inclusion on the basis of their market capitalization. Sector Rule Largest market capitalization in each Karachi Stock Exchange sectors excluding Open-end Mutual Fund Sector ? The Largest Capitalization Rule The remaining index places are taken up by the largest market capitalization companies in descending order. ? The Default Counter and Non Tradable Rule Company which is on the Defaulters’ Counter and/or its trading is suspended; declare Non-Tradable (i. e. NT) in preceding 6 months from the date of re-composition shall not be considered in the re-composition of KSE-100 Index . How many stocks are registered and categories? The total number of companies listed in KSE is 572 with a listed capital of RS. 1103072. 80 million ? In KSE companies are listed under following categories according to the nature of their industry. |Sector Wise Categories of Companies | |Oil and Gas |Pharma and Bio Tech | |Chemicals |Media |Forestry |Travel leisure | |Industrial metals and mining |Fixed line Telecommunication | |General industries |Electricity | |Electronic and electrical Goods |Multiutilities | |Engineering |Commercial Banks | |Industrial Transportation |Non Life Insurance | |Support services |Life insurance | |Automobile and Parts |Real estate investment and services | |Beverages |financial services | |Food Producers |Equity Investment Instruments | |Household Goods |Software an d computer services | |Leisure Goods. |Technology Hardware and Equipment | |Personal Goods | | |Personal Goods | | |Tobacco | | Advance /Decline: If there is increasing trend in the prices of share then we said that the market gains the index or points and vice versa. Points: Points shows the Overall worth of the market. There are many factors that influence the market points and due to these factors market’s point increases or increases. These factors consist of formulae of capital structure and other related things. In Pakistan value of 1 point is approximately equal to 5 crores and it changes due to inflation and other economic factors. When an individual invest an amount equal to 5 Crores then 1 point increases and when he/she pull back his investment then 1 point decreases 1 point = 5 Crores How to cite Stock Exchange, Papers Stock Exchange Free Essays string(108) " section of a market are captured in price indices called stock market indices, of which there are many, e\." A stock market or equity market is a public (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete) entity for the trading of company stock (shares) and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately. The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36. 6 trillion at the start of October 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Stock Exchange or any similar topic only for you Order Now The total world derivatives market has been estimated at about $791 trillion face or nominal value,[2] 11 times the size of the entire world economy. The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities of a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. The largest stock market in the United States, by market capitalization, is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). In Canada, the largest stock market is the Toronto Stock Exchange. Major European examples of stock exchanges include the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, Paris Bourse, and the Deutsche Borse (Frankfurt Stock Exchange). In Africa, examples include Nigerian Stock Exchange, JSE Limited, etc. Asian examples include the Singapore Exchange, the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and the Bombay Stock Exchange. In Latin America, there are such exchanges as the BMF Bovespa and the BMV. A few decades ago, worldwide, buyers and sellers were individual investors, such as wealthy businessmen, usually with long family histories to particular corporations. Over time, markets have become more â€Å"institutionalized†; buyers and sellers are largely institutions (e. g. , pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, index funds, exchange-traded funds, hedge funds, investor groups, banks and various other financial institutions). The rise of the institutional investor has brought with it some improvements in market operations. Thus, the government was responsible for â€Å"fixed† (and exorbitant) fees being markedly reduced for the ‘small’ investor, but only after the large institutions had managed to break the brokers’ solid front on fees. (They then went to ‘negotiated’ fees, but only for large institutions. History : Established in 1875, the Bombay Stock Exchange is Asia’s first stock exchange. In 12th century France the courratiers de change were concerned with managing and regulating the debts of agricultural communities on behalf of the banks. Because these men also traded with debts, they could be called the first brokers. A common misbelief is that in late 13th century Bruges commodity traders gathered inside the house of a man called Van der Beurze, and in 1309 they became the â€Å"Brugse Beurse†, institutionalizing what had been, until then, an informal meeting, but actually, the family Van der Beurze had a building in Antwerp where those gatherings occurred; the Van der Beurze had Antwerp, as most of the merchants of that period, as their primary place for trading. The idea quickly spread around Flanders and neighboring counties and â€Å"Beurzen† soon opened in Ghent and Amsterdam. In the middle of the 13th century, Venetian bankers began to trade in government securities. In 1351 the Venetian government outlawed spreading rumors intended to lower the price of government funds. Bankers in Pisa, Verona, Genoa and Florence also began trading in government securities during the 14th century. This was only possible because these were independent city states not ruled by a duke but a council of influential citizens. Italian companies were also the first to issue shares. Companies in England and the Low Countries followed in the 16th century. The Dutch East India Company (founded in 1602) was the first joint-stock company to get a fixed capital stock and as a result, continuous trade in company stock emerged on the Amsterdam Exchange. Soon thereafter, a lively trade in various derivatives, among which options and repos, emerged on the Amsterdam market. Dutch traders also pioneered short selling – a practice which was banned by the Dutch authorities as early as 1610. 7] There are now stock markets in virtually every developed and most developing economies, with the world’s biggest market being in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, India, China, Canada, Germany’s (Frankfurt Stock Exchange), France, South Korea and the Netherlands. Importance of stock market : The stock market is one of the most important sources for companies to raise money. This allows businesses to be publicly traded, or raise additional financial capital for expansion by selling shares of ownership of the company in a public market. The liquidity that an exchange provides affords investors the ability to quickly and easily sell securities. This is an attractive feature of investing in stocks, compared to other less liquid investments such as real estate. History has shown that the price of shares and other assets is an important part of the dynamics of economic activity, and can influence or be an indicator of social mood. An economy where the stock market is on the rise is considered to be an up-and-coming economy. In fact, the stock market is often considered the primary indicator of a country’s economic strength and development. Rising share prices, for instance, tend to be associated with increased business investment and vice versa. Share prices also affect the wealth of households and their consumption. Therefore, central banks tend to keep an eye on the control and behavior of the stock market and, in general, on the smooth operation of financial system functions. Financial stability is the raison d’etre of central banks. Exchanges also act as the clearinghouse for each transaction, meaning that they collect and deliver the shares, and guarantee payment to the seller of a security. This eliminates the risk to an individual buyer or seller that the counterparty could default on the transaction. The smooth functioning of all these activities facilitates economic growth in that lower costs and enterprise risks promote the production of goods and services as well as employment. In this way the financial system contributes to increased prosperity. Stock market index : The movements of the prices in a market or section of a market are captured in price indices called stock market indices, of which there are many, e. You read "Stock Exchange" in category "Papers" g. , the SP, the FTSE and the Euronext indices. Such indices are usually market capitalization weighted, with the weights reflecting the contribution of the stock to the index. The constituents of the index are reviewed frequently to include/exclude stocks in order to reflect the changing business environment. Derivative instruments : Financial innovation has brought many new financial instruments whose pay-offs or values depend on the prices of stocks. Some examples are exchange-traded funds (ETFs), stock index and stock options, equity swaps, single-stock futures, and stock index futures. These last two may be traded on futures exchanges (which are distinct from stock exchanges—their history traces back to commodities futures exchanges), or traded over-the-counter. As all of these products are only derived from stocks, they are sometimes considered to be traded in a (hypothetical) derivatives market, rather than the (hypothetical) stock market. Leveraged strategies : Stock that a trader does not actually own may be traded using short selling; margin buying may be used to purchase stock with borrowed funds; or, derivatives may be used to control large blocks of stocks for a much smaller amount of money than would be required by outright purchase or sales. Short selling : In short selling, the trader borrows stock (usually from his brokerage which holds its clients’ shares or its own shares on account to lend to short sellers) then sells it on the market, hoping for the price to fall. The trader eventually buys back the stock, making money if the price fell in the meantime and losing money if it rose. Exiting a short position by buying back the stock is called â€Å"covering a short position. † This strategy may also be used by unscrupulous traders in illiquid or thinly traded markets to artificially lower the price of a stock. Hence most markets either prevent short selling or place restrictions on when and how a short sale can occur. The practice of naked shorting is illegal in most (but not all) stock markets. Margin buying : In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks’ value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor’s account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account’s equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks’ value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor’s account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account’s equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the In margin buying, the trader borrows money (at interest) to buy a stock and hopes for it to rise. Most industrialized countries have regulations that require that if the borrowing is based on collateral from other stocks the trader owns outright, it can be a maximum of a certain percentage of those other stocks’ value. In the United States, the margin requirements have been 50 %% for many years (that is, if you want to make a $1000 investment, you need to put up $500, and there is often a maintenance margin below the $500). A margin call is made if the total value of the investor’s account cannot support the loss of the trade. (Upon a decline in the value of the margined securities additional funds may be required to maintain the account’s equity, and with or without notice the margined security or any others within the account may be sold by the brokerage to protect its loan position. The investor is responsible for any shortfall following such forced sales. ) Regulation of margin requirements (by the Federal Reserve) was implemented after the Crash of 1929. Before that, speculators typically only needed to put up as little as 10 percent (or even less) of the total investment represented by the stocks purchased. Other rules may include the prohibition of free-riding: putting in an order to buy stocks without paying initially (there is normally a three-day grace period for delivery of the stock), but then selling them (before the three-days are up) and using part of the proceeds to make the original payment (assuming that the value of the stocks has not declined in the New issuance : Global issuance of equity and equity-related instruments totaled $505 billion in 2004, a 29. 8 %% increase over the $389 billion raised in 2003. Initial public offerings (IPOs) by US issuers increased 221 %% with 233 offerings that raised $45 billion, and IPOs in Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) increased by 333 %%, from $ 9 billion to $39 billion. Taxation : According to much national or state legislation, a large array of fiscal obligations are taxed for capital gains. Taxes are charged by the state over the transactions, dividends and capital gains on the stock market, in particular in the stock exchanges. However, these fiscal obligations may vary from jurisdictions to jurisdictions because, among other reasons, it could be assumed that taxation is already incorporated into the stock price through the different taxes companies pay to the state, or that tax free stock market operations are useful to boost economic growth. How to cite Stock Exchange, Papers